During the last ten years, co 2 has become a viable refrigerant and can be used in different system setups. Primary refrigerants change states to absorb heat from surrounding areas or substances. Compare performance of multiple refrigerants, learn the line sizing, and much more all for free. The refrigerant in a refrigeration system, regardless of type, is present in two different states. The most common refrigerants for the first 100 years were familiar solvents and other volatile fluids. During the refrigeration cycle, it changes from one state to the. Common refrigerants and environmental safety thermal systems. Pdf refrigerant types, issues, trends and future options. Refrigerant types, issues, trends and future options. The first type of blends incorporate the following refrigerants in two compositions to optimize different performance characteristics.
Where a specific molecule can have different geometrical arrangements. The only way they will work is if you click the link within the ashrae website. What are the most common types of refrigerant today. Standard thermometers of appropriate range are provided for the refrigerant system. Main types of compressors used in industrial refrigeration are screw, piston, centrifugal and rotary vane. The following is a list of refrigerants with their type prefix, ashrae designated numbers, iupac chemical name, molecular formula, cas registry number blend name, atmospheric lifetime in years. Designed to make the most efficient use of energy, material, and space, the technology is quickly. Originally the title given was new and alternative refrigerants but i was also asked to. Originally the title given was new and alternative refrigerants. In the following section, different groups of refrigerants are discussed, some examples are given and their fields of application are described. Fellow ashrae mcquay international staunton, virginia usa 1 what is a refrigerant.
The process is not easy, and although there are alternatives to old refrigerants, the new ones are usually not flawless. Without being pressureregulated, primary refrigerants. Thus many refrigerants have several different names. Volkmar hasse, gtz proklima, germany preface volkmar hasse, gtz proklima i. Originally the title given was new and alternative refrigerants but i was. Present a comparison between different refrigerants section 26. Whenever we choose them for particular use properties of refrigerants also plays a vital role in economic and environmental friendly application. Another type, which is produced in large quantities, a scroll compressor, but still these compressors. Below is a list of the different oil types for the different refrigerants in our units. Evaporation is an operation used to remove a liquid from a solution, suspension, or emulsion by boiling off some of the liquid. Knowing the temperature difference across the coils, the amperage, and the airflow all give the technician vital information. Prefixes should not be used for combined siunits except when kg is. In most cycles it undergoes phase transitions from a liquid to a gas and back again. Following the discovery that some of these chemical compounds may be harmful to the environment, they are being replaced with more environmentally friendly alternatives see figure 5.
Transcritical systems where co 2 is used in all circuits mt and lt. Commercially, ammonia is made by combining free nitrogen and hydrogen gases under high pressure. Refrigerants for commercial refrigeration applications. If a refrigeration system is leak free, use of the existing. Refrigerants used in air conditioners are changing again.
Characteristics of refrigerants pure r12 cc 1425f425 is colorless. The two refrigerant families most often used in air conditioning systems are hydrochlorofluorocarbons hcfcs and cfcs. Policylegislation on fgases and alternatives two environmental frameworks one goal the montreal protocol and the kyoto protocol. The different types o f refrigerants can be groupe d as given below ashrae 2008. Swep is a worldleading supplier of brazed plate heat exchangers for hvac and industrial applications. Pdf refrigeration and airconditioning play a vital role in domestic and industrial applications. The development of different refrigerants over time took place based on. Refrigerants are widely used in refrigeration cycle where cooling effect below the atmospheric temperatures are needed. A refrigerant is a substance or mixture, usually a fluid, used in a heat pump and refrigeration cycle.
This type of magnetic refrigeration is said to produce refrigeration at. Figure 9 shows the different types of refrigerants. Synthetic and organic refrigerants are classified under two main categories, primary and secondary. Halocarbon refrigerants halocarbon refrigerant are all synthetically produced and were developed as the freon family of refrigerants. Manual for refrigeration servicing introduction technicians. Refrigerants are divided into groups according to their chemical composition. This section presents data for the thermodynamic and transport properties of refrigerants, arranged for the occasional users.
From then on, reference to harmful gases from ac system will be clearly understood to imply the refrigerant in the. The different types of refrigerants can be grouped as given below ashrae 2008. Class 1 refrigerants used in the standard compression type cooling system. A refrigerant is a substance or mixture, usually a fluid, used in a heat pump and refrigeration. The danfoss product range for the refrigeration and air. Understanding a2l refrigerants for air conditioners 2019. Six types of refrigerant emissions, or losses, are identified. Refrigerants and the refrigeration system determine the pressures. Co 2 transcritical systems have also been driving the development of integrated heating and cooling systems, linking the refrigerant choice to the type of system.
Refrigerants r402a, r402b, and r404a properties, uses. Special university course for future engineers lecture notes. It was banned in 1994 due to it harming the ozone layer. Refrigerants and their application presented by thomas e. Since different fluids have the desired traits in different degree, choice is a.
Refrigerant grade anhydrous ammonia is a clear, colorless liquid or gas, free. The last round of changes took place between the mid1990s through 2010, as cfc and hcfc refrigerants were phased out and. Co 2 transcritical systems have also been driving the development of integrated heating and cooling systems, linking the refrigerant choice to the type. The following links are to online readonly versions of these standards. New, natural and alternative refrigerants by dr s f pearson of star refrigeration limited introduction it is an honour to be invited to present this paper despite the rather daunting title.
Refrigeration and air conditioning multiple choice questions. Sydney games stated that cfc, hcfc and hfcfree refrigerants. Refrigerants physical properties engineering toolbox. Water has very different miscibilities with different refrigerants, and this fact has an important impact on the operation of refrigeration systems. R12 was the refrigerant back in the 20th century for automobile applications. Its functions include drawing in the cool vaporized refrigerant that carries. Standard 15 is the basis for the criteria on refrigeration safety in the. Thus, we have separate series for halogenated refrigerants and other types. The refrigerants have a thermodynamic property charge. Designation and safety classification of refrigerants, which specifies refrigerant properties and a refrigerant classification system. Here are some of the desirable properties of refrigerant. Simulate your system with the right refrigerant and export the results to excel. New refrigerants impact standards and codes the function of refrigerant as a fluid used for heat transfer has not changed since the development of the first refrigerating system. Both types involve the use of refrigerant blends to achieve alternatives that will act very much like r502 in refrigeration systems.
Always check the compressor manufactures recommendations for oil on any other type of cooling unit. A refrigerant is a substance, usually a fluid chemical compounds, that is used in a. Class 2 refrigerants are used as direct cooling between the agents of class 1 and substances in the refrigerator. Types of refrigerants chlorofluorocarbons cfcs these are refrigerants that contain chlorine. Designation and safety classification of refrigerants. The choice of prefix is free but the best choice will normally be the one where the value written will be in the range from 0. Each refrigerant type is denoted by a different series. Properties of refrigerants michigan state university. The different types of cooling compressors a compressor acts as the heart of a refrigerant based mechanical cooling system. Properties of refrigerants n low boiling point and high latent heat of vaporization n dense vapor n low toxicity n non flammable n low miscibility with oil n low cost ammonia n has good heat transfer. There are many kinds of refrigerant and or refrigerant on the market today, but only a few that are widely used. Type of refrigerant and its availability if a system uses a chlorofluorocarbon cfc then it is likely to. Refrigerants capture heat and then release it to another space by using the thermodynamic phenomena of phase changes, in which a fluid changes to a gas or vice versa in the refrigeration cycle. Natural refrigerants sustainable ozone and climatefriendly alternatives to hcfcs introduction dr.